網路內科繼續教育
有效期間:民國 90年06月01日 90年06月15日

    Case Discussion
History
This 58-year-old man is a patient of alcoholic liver disease, hypertension, gouty arthritis with tophi formation and duodenal ulcer status post subtotal gastrectomy with BII anastomosis 30 years ago. He suffered from left subcostal pain and intermittent fever for 3 weeks. He denied diarrhea, and other symptoms. The pain did not radiate to back, unrelated to food intake, and did not relieve by drugs from LMD. He was sent to emergency department on November 23, 2000. Acute ill-looking appearance, fever (39°C), left upper abdominal tenderness, and leukocytosis (WBC 11,620/uL) were noted. However, chest X-ray and abdominal echo did not reveal significant anomalies. Cefoxitin was given empirically, but septic shock developed on the following day. Then, antibiotic was shifted to ceftriaxone. Abdominal CT on November 23 revealed an aneurysm at proximal abdominal aorta and mycotic aneurysm was considered(Figure) . After discussion with cardiovascular surgery, medical treatment followed by surgical intervention was suggested. Therefore, he was admitted to medical ward on Nov 24.

Physical findings:
Appearance: acute ill-looking
Consciousness: clear
Vital sign: temperature 38.5°C, pulse rate 100/min, respiratory rate 20/min, blood pressure 108/64 mmHg (premix dopamine 10ml/hr)
Chest: breath sound: clear; Heart: regular heart beat; no murmur, no thrills, no heaves
Abdomen: soft; distended; op scar (+); bowel sound: normoactive; no abdominal bruit; liver/spleen: not palpable; tenderness at left upper quadrant
Extremities: freely movable; no pitting edema, no palmar erythema, no petechiae

Course and treament 
Salmonella was isolated from blood culture on November 29. Despite of ceftriaxone therapy, high fever and severe pain responded very slowly. Higher fever and relative leukopenia were noted on December 2. Drug fever was suspected and antibiotic was shifted to ciprofloxacin on December 4. Fever subsided subsequently and follow-up blood cultures were negative. Panendoscopy was done on December 13 for persistent left subcostal pain and very poor appetite, but no significant lesion noted. General condition improved gradually. Follow-up abdominal CT on December 28 revealed progression of saccular aneurysmal dilatation of aorta at thoraco-abdomen junctional area and increased soft tissue density. Surgical intervention was performed on January 12. A fusiform thoracic aortic aneurysm about 5x5 cm in size and mural thrombus adhered to pulmonary tissue were noted. Necrotic tissue was excised and grafting with 24mm Hemashield of thoracic-abdominal aorta was performed. The debrided tissue was sterile. This patient was extubated smoothly on Jan 14 and was discharged on Jan 18.

一般檢查紀錄(General Inspection):
[ CBC+PLT ]

項目

WBC

RBC

HB

HCT

MCV

MCH

MCHC

PLT

日期

K/μL   

M/μL

g/dL

%

fL

pg

g/dL

K/μL

891122

11.62

3.94

11.6

34.4

87.3

29.4

33.7

516.0

891128

8.45

3.81

11.5

33.1

86.9

30.2

34.7

458.0

項目

Seg 

Eos

Baso

Mono

Lym

日期

%

%

%

%

%

891122

84.5

1.5

0.2

5.8

8.0

[ Biochemistry ]

項目

GLU

UN

CRE

Na

K

Cl

T-BiL

D-Bil

AMY

Ca

AST

ALT

日期

mg/dl 

mg/dl

mg/dl

mmole/l

mmole/l

mmole

mg/dl

mg/dl

U/l

mmole/l

U/l

U/l

891122

146.0

34.0

1.8

138.0

4.4

 

0.6

 

 

2.35

77.0

50.0

891124

 

23.0

1.4

136.0

4.6

100.0

1.4

1.0

87.0

 

   
檢 體 : Urine

項目

Sp.Gr.(c)

pH(c)

Protein(c)

Glu.(c)

Ketones(c)

O.B.(c)

Urobil.(c)

Bil.(c)

WBC.(c)

日期

*

*

mg/dL  

g/dL

*

*

EU/dL

*

*

891122

5

+/-

-

+/- 

-

1.0

1+

 

 


項目

RBC(S) .

WBC(S)

EpithCell(S)

Cast(S)

Crystal(S)

Other(S)

VireCond

日期

/HPF

/HPF

/HPF

*

*

*

 

891122

0-1

0-1

0-1

 

 

Y;C

 

STOOL (891214): Appearance: yellowish, O.B. (-) C-Reactive Protein (891128) 18.3 (normal, < 0.8 (mg/dl))

Blood Culture & Sensitivity: Salmonella O9 (group D1), susceptible to chloramphenicol, ampicillin, cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin, co-trimoxazole 

Radiology Report
89/11/22 Standing chest PA view shows:
Rotative position; low volume film; increased infiltration at R't lower lung field; bil. sharp CP angles. normal heart size; tortuous aorta with artherosclerotic change.
89/11/24, CT. With/Without co-ABDOMEN:
Bil. pleural effusion and atelectasis of the bil. lower lobe is noted. abnormal soft tissue density is noted around the aortic esophageal recess. The inflammatory process at the A recess is highly suspected. A bulging lesion with well enhancement is noted at the post. aspect of the aorta. Aneurysmal change cannot be excluded. The aortic wall showed atherosclerotic changes. Abnormal thickening and effusion are noted at bil. lower pleura. minimal atelectatic change at the left lower lung. Dot calcifications at the spleen
89/11/28, GA-67 Whole body scintigraphy in the anterior and posterior projections were performed at 24 & 48 hours after tracer injection. Findings: 1) The scans demonstrated normal distribution of the tracer activity to the liver, spleen and skeletal system. 2) One focal faint abnormal concentration of tracer activity was noted at left posterior mediastinal (or paraspinal) region which is consistent with an active inflammatory process such as abscess, pneumonia, or mycotic aneurysm of aorta
89/12/28, CT. With/Without co-ABDOMEN:
Saccular aneurysmal dilatation of aorta at thoraco-abdomen junctional area, with largest diameter about 5 cm, hypodense mass between aorta and left lateral margin of T9 and T10, hypodense rim around the enhanced lumen and partial atelectasis of adjacent lung is also found, mild left pleural effusion, mycotic aneurysm should be considered first. suspicious curvilinear lucent line in the aneurysmal dilatation, r/o aortic dissection. atherosclerosis with mural thrombus and calcification of abdomen aorta. suspicious a small enhanced nodule at segment 7 of liver, r/o hemangioma. tiny calcification in spleen. bil. renal cysts. no definite lesion in GB, pancreas, and bil adrenal glands. suspicious small nodules at RML.
Impression: Saccular aneurysmal dilatation of aorta at thoraco-abdomen junctional area, mycotic aneurysm should be considered first, r/o dissection aneurysm. r/o small hemangioma at segment 7 of liver. suspicious small nodules at RML.

Discharge Clinical Diagnosis
Thoracic aortic aneurysm due to Salmonella O9 (group D1) status post grafting

繼續教育考題
1.
(B)
關於沙門氏桿菌(Salmonella species)的敘述,何者錯誤?
ASalmonella enterica 是唯一會引起人類疾病的沙門氏桿菌。
BSalmonella bongori 是唯一會引起人類疾病的沙門氏桿菌。
CSalmonella typhi 是由人(帶原者)傳染給人的。
DSalmonella typhimurium 主要是由雞,污染的雞蛋等傳染給人的。
2.
(D)
關於沙門氏桿菌感染的敘述,何者錯誤?
A傷寒(typhoid fever)是由S. typhi 所引起的疾病。
B在開發中國家,如墨西哥及東南亞的部分國家,傷寒是地區性疾病,是當地重要的公衛問題。
Cnontyphoid salmonellosis的病例數在已開發國家愈來愈多,與飲食習慣的改變有關。
D因為公衛進步,nontyphoid salmonellosis的病例數在已開發國家愈來愈少。
3.
(D)
關於沙門氏桿菌引起的疾病,何者錯誤?
AS. typhi引起傷寒(typhoid fever),嚴重者可能發生腸出血或穿孔。
Bnontyphoidal salmonellae可能引起腸胃炎、菌血病、動脈感染、骨髓炎、肺炎、膽囊炎等。
CS. typhimurium(或Salmonella serogroup B)是腸胃炎最常見的沙門氏桿菌分離菌株。
DS. choleraesuis(或Salmonella serogroup C)是腸胃炎最常見的沙門氏桿菌分離菌株。
4.
(D)
沙門氏桿菌引起的動脈感染伴隨高死亡率,在下列情形下臨床醫師應高度懷疑並積極診斷及適當處置?
A年齡大於50歲,尤其有動脈硬死者,發生沙門氏桿菌菌血症。
B老年人不明熱,伴隨背痛、腹痛或胸痛。
C病人有腰椎骨髓炎或人工心臟瓣膜且發生沙門氏桿菌菌血症。
D以上皆是。
5.
(D)
沙門氏桿菌菌血症的抗菌藥物治療,何者恰當?(根據實驗室檢驗該病人的血液分離菌株對下列藥物皆有效)
(1)第一代cephalosporin
(2)第二代cephalosporin
(3)第三代cephalosporin
(4)carbapenem
(5)ampicillin
(6)fluoroquinolone
A(1)(2)(3)
B(2)(3)(4)
C(3)(4)(5)
D(3)(5)(6)
6.
(D)
下列那些宿主較容易罹患嚴重的沙門氏桿菌感染?
A 胃切除的病人。
B 服用製酸劑或H2抑制劑的病人。
C 愛滋病病人。
D 以上皆是。
7.
(D)
下列那些宿主較容易罹患沙門氏桿菌感染性動脈炎?
A糖尿病控制不良的老年人。
B動脈粥狀硬化的病人。
C服用類固醇的老年人。
D以上皆是。
8.
(C)
關於沙門氏桿菌動脈炎的敘述,何者錯誤?
A根據美國1978年發表的文獻資料顯示,感染沙門氏桿菌菌血症的病人中25%的老年病人(大於50歲)併發動脈炎或心內膜炎。
B根據台灣1996年發表的文獻資料顯示,感染沙門氏桿菌菌血症的病人中,35%的老年病人(大於65歲)併發動脈炎。
C沙門氏桿菌動脈炎絕大多數發生在罹患愛滋病的年輕病人。
D病人有持續性菌血症,背病或腹病,高燒不退,加上電腦斷層顯示動脈動脈瘤及發炎反應,常可以在術前確定診斷。
9.
(A)
根據體外藥物感受性測驗,下列的抗菌藥物皆有效,何者不適合用來治療沙門氏桿菌動脈炎?
Achloramphenicol
Bampicillin
C第三代cephalosporin
Dfluoroquinolone
10.
(C)
 原本健康的年輕人罹患沙門氏桿菌菌血症,經過適當的治療後,又復發,應考慮:
A該年輕人是愛滋病病人。
B該病人因沙門氏菌血症併發骨髓炎,第一次的治療療程不夠。
C以上皆是。
D以上皆非。

答案解說

  1. (B)
    1. (Harrison P.950)根據核酸分析,沙門氏桿菌可分為2個species,S. entericaS. bongori ,後者不會引起人類疾病。
    2. ( Harrison P.951,P.954) 會引起人類疾病的沙門氏桿菌主要可分為S. typhi及 non-typhi Salmonella ,前者是由帶原者傳給人的,後者主要是由家畜傳給人的。
  2. (D)
    1. Harrison P.951,P.954
    2. Hohmann EL. Nontyphoidal salmonellosis. Clin Infect Dis 2001;32:264.
      許多家畜帶有nontyphoidal salmonellae, 是人類疾病的感染源。許多研究顯示,帶原的雞,被污染的雞蛋及其加工食品, 未經巴斯德滅菌的奶製品;寵物,如山雞、山鴨、烏龜;動物來源的製品皆可能讓食用者 ,使用者或照顧者感染。
  3. (D)  (Harrison P.951,P.955)。
  4. (D )(Harrison P.955)
  5. (D)(Harrison P.956)沙門氏桿菌是細胞內病原菌,故選擇藥物應考慮該菌是否對細胞內細菌有效,如ampicillin,chloramphenicol,co-trimoxazole,第三代cephalosporin及fluoroquinolone。許多nontyphoidal salmonellae帶有抗藥性,故應參考體外感受性結果來挑選上述五類藥物中適當的藥物。
  6. (D ) Hohmann EL. Nontyphoidal salmonellosis. Clin Infect Dis 2001;32:263-9
  7. (D)
    1. Harrison P. 955
    2. Hohmann EL. Nontyphoidal salmonellosis. Clin Infect Dis 2001;32:266
  8. (C ) Hohmann EL. Nontyphoidal salmonellosis. Clin Infect Dis 2001;32:266.
  9. (A) Hohmann EL. Nontyphoidal salmonellosis. Clin Infect Dis 2001;32:266.
    治療沙門氏桿菌動脈炎的藥物不僅必需有效穿入巨噬細胞內,而且對沙門氏桿菌有殺菌(bactericidal)作用,不只是抑菌(bacteristatic)作用。
  10. (C ) Hohmann EL. Nontyphoidal salmonellosis. Clin Infect Dis 2001;32:264,267


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