網路內科繼續教育
有效期間:民國 93年12月16日 93年12月31日

    Case Discussion

<Case presentation>

  A 50-year-old female patient was admitted due to back pain for 2 months prior to the first admission.

  She had been well before until Oct. 2000 when she suffered from back pain. She was taken to neurosurgery outpatient department where radiculopathy was noted. The magnetic resonance image study revealed an epidural tumor at T3-4 vertebral levels. Laminectomy was done on Dec. 2000. The pathological diagnosis was plasmacytoma as shown in Figure 1. Subsequent bone marrow (BM) examination showed an increased amount of plasma cell (up to 61%).

  The hemogram showed WBC of 4000/uL, Hb of 9.5 gm/dl and platelet count of 340000/uL. Biochemical data revealed BUN of 13.7 mg/dl, Cr of 1.14 mg/dl, Alk-P of 37 IU/L, GOT 35.8 IU/L, GPT 15.1 IU/L. The serum level of IgG, IgA, and IgM were 392 mg/dl (N: 700~1600), < 24 mg/dl (N: 70~400), and <17mg/dl (N: 40~230), respectively. However, a radiographicimage of the skull didn't show typical "punched-out" lestions. A diagnosis of multiple myeloma, stage IIA, was made after serial work-ups.

  She received radiotherapy for the T-spine lesions with a dose of 4680 cGy, and chemotherapy with melphalan and prednisolone (MP) monthly for 4 courses. Partial response was achieved. Another courses of chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, vincristine, epirubicin and prednisolone (COEP) were given once a month for 4 consecutive months. The hemogram showed WBC of 3900/cumm, Hb of 11.5 gm/dl, platelet of 269000/cumm, but the BM aspiration smear persistently revealed an increased amount of plasma cells (51%). The cytogenetic analysis of BM cells were 46, XX [CP9] / 43-45, XX, +del (1)(p13), del(6)(q23), -8, +der(8) t(8:11)(p12;q13), -11, del(11)(q13), -14, +der(14) t(11;14)(q13;q32), 16, -18, -22, +der(22) t(3;22)(p11;p13) [CP11], as shown in Figure 2 .

  Fortunately, the patient had an identical twin sister and had an opportunity for syngeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (PBSCT). Hickman’s catheter was implanted on October 2001. Four mg/kg/day Busulfan orally for 4 days and 60mg/kg/day cyclophosphamide intravenously for 2 days were given as a pre-conditioning regimen. The donor (identical twin sister) received 1st dose of G-CSF 300 μg subcutaneously on the day (-3) before allogeneic PBSCT. However, the donor developed anaphylatoid reaction with the symptoms of abdominal pain, sweating, vomiting, and chest tightness. The treatment plan was changed to syngeneic BMT. Nucleated bone marrow cells of 4.327 x 108 /kg of recipient weight was infused. The patient had a good hematopoietic recovery after bone marrow transplantation.

  After syngeneic BM transplantation, she achieved a complete remission with a normal BM examination, as well as normal karyotype. However, she only remained in complete remission for 1.5 years and the disease recurred in 2003. Since she hesitate to receive 2nd BM transplantation, oral chemotherapy with MP was given.

<病案分析--多發性骨髓瘤>

  多發性骨髓瘤患者早期沒有症狀,直到病情惡化。有些病患早期症狀模糊,和其他疾病相同。最常見的多發性骨髓瘤症狀,包括:腫瘤釋出的物質造成局部或全身性的骨質疏鬆,導致骨痛和增加骨折的危險性,特別常發生在背部、臀部和頭骨。當骨髓瘤取代正常的骨髓細胞,造成紅血球、白血球以及血小板不足,進而出現貧血、頭昏、呼吸短促,抵抗力降低和容易出血的情形。脊椎骨的疏鬆可能壓迫到重要的神經,引起嚴重疼痛、麻木和/或四肢軟弱。當鈣質或不正常的骨髓蛋白質物質大量流入血流,造成病人軟弱、意識混淆和似中風的症狀。不正常的骨髓蛋白質物質也可以造成對腎臟的傷害。抵抗力降低使得多發性骨髓瘤患發展出現感染的問題,而最常見而嚴重的感染即是肺炎。

  即使多發性骨髓瘤的患者具有一或多個危險因素,然而目前仍無法確知每個危險因素致病的危險程度有多大。年齡是最明顯的一個危險因素,多發性骨髓瘤患者的平均年齡約70歲,40歲以下的患者只佔2%。非裔美人罹患多發性骨髓瘤的人數約為白人美人的兩倍,其原因不明。雖然,暴露於放射線一直被認為是一個危險因素,但這樣的案例非常少。在有些家庭,罹患多發性骨髓瘤的個案似乎較普遍,但是非常罕見,大多數的病患沒有其他親友罹患此症。有些研究顯示,某些石油有關的工廠員工可能是高危險群。約有20%罹患預後不明的單株丙種球蛋白病變(monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance; MGUS),或單獨的漿細胞腫瘤(solitary plasmacytomas)的疾病患者,日後發展出多發性骨髓瘤。

  多發性骨髓瘤病人的化學治療,是口服或注射抗癌藥物,以破壞或控制骨髓瘤細胞生長。口服通常合併使用melphalan和prednisone兩種藥物。其他的化療藥物如vincristine、 cyclophosphamide、 carmustine和 doxorubicin也常被注射使用。合併使用這些藥物比單獨使用更為有效,藥物治療的選擇和劑量也依病人年齡、癌期和腎臟功能而定。

  減輕多發性骨髓瘤病人的症狀是一個重要的治療目標。許多多發性骨髓瘤病人最擔心的症狀是骨的溶解破壞,造成軟弱及骨折。靜脈給予bisphosphonate可以減緩這個過程。放射線治療用於被骨髓瘤破壞而對化學治療無效的骨部位,或最常用於單獨的漿細胞腫瘤治療。雖然手術偶爾用於去除單獨的漿細胞腫瘤,但很少用於治療多發性骨髓瘤。當脊柱壓迫神經造成癱瘓、嚴重肌肉軟弱或麻木時,則需要緊急手術。

  骨髓移植是由病患本身在接受化學治療前,由本身或骨髓捐贈者的骨髓中抽取骨幹細胞冷凍。骨髓瘤患者隨後接受額外高劑量的化學治療,以增加治癒的可能性。冷凍的骨幹細胞在化療後移植到病人。自體的幹細胞移植相當安全而且嚴重合併症的危險性小,但是放射線難於完全殺死骨髓細胞,以致病人多半再復發。使用捐贈者的幹細胞移植,嚴重合併症,甚至死亡的危險性較大,但由於捐贈者的免疫系統細胞,實際上幫忙破壞骨髓細胞,產生的緩解期較長。

  本病例經診斷為多發性骨髓瘤後,接受脊椎局部放射治療及傳統化學治療,仍無法獲得完全緩解;直到接受同卵雙胞胎捐贈的骨髓移植,加上高劑量的化學治療後才獲得完全緩解。因此,對於年紀較輕、體力較佳的病人,可以考慮給予自體或異體骨髓(周邊血液幹細胞)移植之治療。

繼續教育考題
1.
(B)
下列何選項為典型的 "triad of myeloma"?
1. Marrow plasmacytosis (> 10%).
2. Recurrent infection.
3. Lytic bone lesions.
4. Serum and/or urine M component.
5. Hypercalemia
A1,2,4
B1,3,4
C2,4,5
D1,3,5
E 2,3,4
2.
(D)
多發性骨髓瘤的病人常會合併腎功能不全,下列選項中哪些問題常出現在這一類病人身上?
1. 高血鈣 (Hypercalemia)
2. 類澱粉沈積於 Glomerular
3. 高尿酸血症 (Hyperuricemia)
4. 低蛋白血症 (Hypoalbuminemia)
5. 腎臟會過濾出M-protein
A1,2,4,5
B1,3,4,5
C2,3,4,5
D1,2,3,5
E1,2,3,4
3.
(C)
有關 M-GUS (Monoclonal Gammopathies of Uncertain Significance),下列那一項敘述是正確的?
A血清中有 M-protein,常超過 3 gm/dl
B骨髓中漿細胞 (plasma cell) 超過 10%
C尿中沒有 Bence-Jones protein
D常有骨骼之溶骨的病灶 (osteolytic lesions)
E愈早期做化學治療愈好
4.
(B)
下列病人,若年齡適合,且有人類白血球抗原(HLA)相合之親屬捐髓者時,何者可以考慮做異體骨髓移植?
1. 嚴重型再生不良性貧血。
2. 彌漫型大細胞淋巴瘤,經化學治療達到緩解。
3. Acute myeloid leukemia,核型(Karyotype)正常,經化學治療達到緩解。
4. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia,帶有染色體異常t (9; 22),經化學治療達到緩解。
5. 慢性骨髓性白血病,在慢性期。
A1,2,4,5
B1,3,4,5
C 2,3,4,5
D1,2,3,5
E1,2,3,4
5.
(B)
下列哪一項症狀常見於70%以上的myeloma病人?
A腹痛
B骨痛
C胸痛
D頭痛
E意識不清
6.
(E)
一男性因意識不清被送來醫院。經檢查發現:creatinine 2.7mg/dL, Ca 14.6 mg/dL, albumin 2.9 g/dL, globulin 4.8 g/dL,Hb 8.0 gm/dL。在過去三個月內,病人有骨頭酸痛的症狀,X光檢查顯示多處有蝕骨病變,小便中有Bence-Jones protein。下列為對此病人需即刻做的處置及檢查?
1. 補充水分。
2. 給予利尿劑。
3. 給予bisphosphonate。
4. 骨髓穿刺及切片檢查。
5. 補充白蛋白。
A1,2,4,5
B1,3,4,5
C2,3,4,5
D1,2,3,5
E1,2,3,4
7.
(C)
多發性骨髓瘤病患常合併高血鈣症,請問高血鈣症的心電圖變化為何?
AT波變尖而高
BQT節段延長
CQT節段縮短
DQRS波變寬
EQRS波變窄
8.
(E)
多發性骨髓瘤病患常合併高血鈣症,請問下列何者不是高血鈣常見症狀?
A腎結石
B食慾不振
C昏迷
D 疲倦
E發燒
9.
(A)
一位70歲病人無特殊症狀,健康檢查時發現血中球蛋白值過高,免疫電泳分析,呈現單株(monoclonal) IgG/κ,IgG值為2670 mg/dl。紅血球、白血球及血小板值正常,無高血鈣症,腎功能正常,小便中無Bence Jones 蛋白,骨骼X光無蝕骨病變,骨髓中plasma cell佔8%。請問下列敘述何者是正確的?
A病人診斷為monoclonal gammopathy with undetermined significance (MGUS),不需要做化學治療。
B病人診斷為MGUS,由於日後轉變為multiple myeloma的機會很大,需做化學治療。
C病人診斷為smoldering multiple myeloma,因為無症狀,不需要做化學治療。
D病人診斷為smoldering multiple myeloma,需要做化學治療。
E 病人診斷為 grade I multiple myeloma,需要做化學治療。
10.
(E)
Which of the clinical finding and underlying cause in myeloma patient is correct?
1. Hypercalcemia — Skeletal destruction
2. Infection — Hypogammaglobulinemia, decreased neutrophil migration
3. Neurologic symptoms — Hyperviscosity, cryoglobulins, amyloid deposits
4. Bleeding — Interference with clotting factors, amyloid damage of endothelium, platelet dysfunction
5. Hypoalbuminemia — malnutrition, poor appetite
A1,2,4,5
B1,3,4,5
C2,3,4,5
D1,2,3,5
E1,2,3,4

答案解說
  1. (B ) Myeloma的triad為bone marrow中plasma cell >10%、蝕骨病變、血液或尿液中有M-component。故選 (B)
  2. (D ) 除了低蛋白血症(選項4)以外,其他都對。
  3. (C ) M-GUS的病人沒有蝕骨病變,尿中也不會有Bence-Jones protein。選項1,2,4,5都是myeloma的敘述。
  4. (B ) Lymphoma經化療後達到緩解者,不需要做BM transplantation。
  5. (B ) Bone pain為myeloma病人最常見的症狀。
  6. (E ) 補充白蛋白對本病無立即性的幫助。
  7. (C ) 高血鈣的EKG變化為QT interval shortening。
  8. (E ) 高血鈣的症狀不包括發燒。
  9. (A )  M-GUS不需要立即做化療。 
  10. (E )  一般myeloma的病人,不易出現(選項5)的問題。


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