網路內科繼續教育
有效期間:民國 95年08月01日 95年08月15日

    Case Discussion

<Brief History>

A 51 y/o man, who denied any systemic disease such as hypertension or diabetes mellitus, was admitted to our hospital due to persistent abdominal pain for a few days. He had been quite well until two weeks before admission, when he had upper respiratory infection and went to a local clinic to seek treatment. His body temperature was normal then, but he was given some Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)including indomethacin (25mg tid) and naproxen (250mg qhs), which he took for 3 days as prescribed. Six days before admission, he started to suffer from left lower quadrant abdominal pain which was persistent and dull in characters. The pain gradually radiated to his left lower back. Poor appetite, abdominal fullness and constipation occurred later. As the symptoms deteriorated, he came to our emergency room (ER) for further treatment.

At ER, the pain extended to the whole abdomen and he vomited some greenish colored fluid twice. Physical examination revealed that the body temperature was 37.9℃, the pulse rate was 90 per minute, the respiratory rate was 22 per minute, and the blood pressure was 130 /90 mmHg. Abdominal examination revealed hyperactive bowel sounds on auscultation, and diffuse abdominal tenderness without rebounding pain on palpation.

<Laboratory Data>

1.CBC + PLT
WBC RBC HB HCT MCV MCH MCHC PLT
K/μL M/μL g/dL % fL pg g/dL K/μL
21.19 5.12 15.6 47.0 91.8 30.5 33.2 370.0

2. WBC Classification
Blast Promyl Myelo Meta Band Seg Eos. Baso.
% % % % % % % %
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 84.4 0.0 0.1

Mono Lym Aty.Lym. Plasma Cell
% % % %
5.7 9.8 0.0 0.0

3.BCS + electrolytes
UN CRE Na K NH3 T-BIL AST
mg/dl mg/dl mmole/l mmole/l μmole/l mg/dl U/l
35.3 1.5 134 4.4 20 0.94 29

4.Blood pH/Gas
PH PCO2 PO2 HCO3 Base Excess
  mmHg mmHg mEq/l mEq/l
7.36 49.3 31.4 27.3 1.5

5. Urinalysis [multistix, random urine]
Appearance Sp Gr pH Protein
mg/dL
Glu
g/dL 
Ketones
*
yellowish/clear 1.006 7.0 - -

OB Urobil Bil  Nitrite WBC
1+ 0.1 - - 5-10

6.Stool
Appearance OB WBC /HPF
YB;F + -

7. Chest X-ray

  1. enlarged heart size,
  2. tortuous aorta,
  3. low lung volume.

8. KUB

  1. partially obscured left lower psoas shadow,
  2. phleboliths in the pelvis. 

9. Computed tomography (abdomen)

  1. segmental bowel wall thickening at duodenum and proximal jejunum
  2. the major mesenteric vessels are patent.

<Course and Management>

After admission, the patient received enteroscopic examination. Reflux esophagitis, gastric erosion as well as multiple duodenal and jejunal ulcers were found. Biopsy of the duodenal and jejunal ulcers revealed marked ischemic change. Lactulose (60 ml) was prescribed for his constipation, but he only passed small amounts of stool. Due to the suspicion of colonic obstruction, he received colonoscopic examination which showed mucosal edematous change around the cecum and the ascending colon, and multiple patches of mucosal hyperemia of the rectum and the distal sigmoid colon. Erosion at the sigmoid colon was also observed. Diffuse colitis was impressed. Biopsy of the colon revealed marked ischemic change. Stool culture and blood culture were both negative. Renal echo showed no stone or other abnormality. Bowel rest was suggested, so the patient was treated with nothing per os (NPO), intravenous fluid supplement, and oral antacid administration.

Empirical antibiotic with cefmetazole (Cefmetazon 500mg/vial) 2 vials iv q8h was prescribed because the patient had fever and high white blood counts (WBC) and c-reactive protein (CRP) levels. Acetaminophen (Paramol 500mg/tab) 1# q6h was prescribed to relieve the abdominal pain. Cefmetazole was changed to cefuroxime axetil (Zinnat 250 mg/tab) 1# q12h po a few days later when the abdominal pain subsided. Oral intake was restarted without recurrence of abdominal pain.

Autoimmune profile was checked which showed no evidence of systemic vasculitis. His fever, abdominal pain, WBC, CRP and renal function tests gradually improved, and he was discharged after two weeks of hospitalization and was arranged to be followed up in the OPD.

<討論>

非類固醇消炎藥 (Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, 簡稱NSAIDs) 有退燒、止痛和消炎三大作用,因藥效良好,故常被使用於治療喉炎、痛風、扭傷和關節疼痛等疾病。NSAIDs的種類繁多,常用者包括有diclofenac、ibuprofen、indomethacin、ketoprofen、naproxen及sulindac等,作用機轉為透過抑制cyclooxygenase來減少prostaglandins的製造。NSAIDs在胃腸道內很快就被吸收,90%以上與血清蛋白結合,1-15%以原型由腎臟排出。

NSAIDs的副作用很多,在使用上需特別注意。在胃腸方面,NSAIDs可能會引起噁心、嘔吐、腹痛、或胃腸發炎,嚴重者更會造成胃腸潰瘍或出血,因此應在餐後服用並配合制酸劑等胃藥來使用。因NSAIDs也可以引起缺血性大腸炎,故要特別小心大腸潰爛及狹窄等後遺症。在腎臟方面,NSAIDs可能會造成糖尿(glycosuria)、血尿、蛋白尿、白血球尿、急性腎衰竭、腎病症候群、腎小管間質炎、慢性腎衰竭、水腫及鈉和鉀平衡失調等,因此應定期監測病人的腎功能及電解質變化。發生NSAIDs引起急性腎衰竭的高危險群包括有體液不足、肝硬化、心衰竭及本身即有腎功能不良者,在此類病人應避免使用NSAIDs。其他曾被報告過的副作用還有皮疹、嗜睡、頭痛、急性肝炎及急性胰臟炎等。

針對NSAIDs中毒的治療,一般靠支持性療法。因為利尿劑並不會增加NSAIDs的腎臟排出率,而且NSAIDs因與血清蛋白高度結合,故也不能靠血液透析來清除。

目前除了NSAIDs外,還有selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors (Coxibs)常被用來治療疼痛和發炎。Coxibs對於胃腸道的副作用比NSAIDs輕,但在合併使用aspirin時即失去保護胃腸道的優勢;Coxibs也可能引起急性腎衰竭,同樣應避免與含腎毒性的藥物一起使用。另一方面,Coxibs曾被報告過會引起心血管併發症,例如心肌梗塞,故使用Coxibs不一定比NSAIDs安全。

本病人因感冒服用了三天的NSAIDs,結果引發了嚴重的併發症,包括發燒、胃炎、十二小腸炎、缺血性大腸炎、急性腎功能受損及尿液檢查異常(血尿、蛋白尿、白血球尿)等,在禁食及給予胃藥和輸液補充後,病人的發燒與腹痛漸漸改善,可見停止使用NSAIDs並給予支持性療法為治療NSAIDs急性副作用的重要法則。至於在因NSAIDs引起急性腎小管間質炎的患者,是否可使用類固醇來治療急性腎衰竭仍有爭議。本病人的症狀應為NSAIDs引起,不需使用抗生素治療,但因無法排除有腸炎造成的次發性細菌感染,故使用抗生素治療也屬合理。此病人在短期使用NSAIDs下引發如此嚴重的併發症,可能是因為NSAIDs的藥量過重、同時使用兩種NSAIDs或病人本身有特異體質所致,因此必須建議病人以後不要使用NSAIDs,或在使用時必須非常小心。

繼續教育考題
1.
(A)
非類固醇消炎藥的作用,下列何者為非?
A殺菌
B止痛
C消炎
D退燒
2.
(D)
下列何者不是非類固醇消炎藥?
Adiclofenac
Bibuprofen
Cindomethacin
Dtramadol
3.
(A)
非類固醇消炎藥的作用機轉,下列何者正確?
A抑制cyclooxygenase的分泌
B促進prostaglandin的分泌
C抑制中樞神經以達到止痛效果
D抑制T淋巴球以達到消炎效果
4.
(D)
非類固醇消炎藥的腸胃道副作用,下列何者為非?
A胃潰瘍
B十二指腸潰瘍
C缺血性大腸炎
D膽囊炎
5.
(A)
非類固醇消炎藥的腎臟副作用,下列何者為非?
A急性腎絲球腎炎
B急性腎衰竭
C慢性腎衰竭
D腎病症候群
6.
(B)
下列何者為非類固醇消炎藥最常引起的電解質異常?
A血鎂過低
B血鉀過高
C血鈣過高
D血磷過低
7.
(D)
發生非類固醇消炎藥引起急性腎衰竭的高危險群,以下何者正確?
A使用大量利尿劑者
B有肝硬化或心臟衰竭等血管內容積不足者
C本身即有腎功能不良者
D以上皆正確
8.
(D)
在使用非類固醇消炎藥時,下列何者為非?
A建議在餐後服用並配合制酸劑等胃藥來使用
B應避免與其他含有腎毒性的藥物一同使用
C應避免同時使用兩種非類固醇消炎藥
D因非類固醇消炎藥的副作用甚多,故應禁止使用
9.
(A)
針對非類固醇消炎藥中毒的治療,以下何者正確?
A給予輸液等支持性療法
B以利尿劑增加非類固醇消炎藥的腎臟排出率
C以血液透析清除體內過多的非類固醇消炎藥
D輸血以減緩缺血性胃腸炎
10.
(C)
有關selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors (Coxibs),以下何者為非?
A可被用來治療疼痛和發炎
BCoxibs對於胃腸道的副作用比(NSAIDs)非類固醇消炎藥輕
CCoxibs比較不會引起急性腎衰竭
DCoxibs可能會引起心血管併發症

答案解析 

  1. (A)「非類固醇消炎藥」的作用,包括止痛、消炎及退燒,因「非類固醇消炎藥」並非抗生素,故沒有殺菌作用。
  2. (D) Diclofenac, ibuprofen 及indomethacin 皆為「非類固醇消炎藥」,tramadol則為opioids類的止痛藥。
  3. (A)「非類固醇消炎藥」的作用機轉,是抑制cyclooxygenase的分泌,從而減少prostaglandins的製造。
  4. (D)「非類固醇消炎藥」的腸胃道副作用,包括有食道、胃、十二指腸及大腸等發炎和潰瘍等,目前仍未有膽囊發炎此項副作用的文獻報告。
  5. (A)「非類固醇消炎藥」的腎臟副作用,主要包括急性腎小管間質炎、急性腎衰竭、慢性腎衰竭及腎病症候群等,並不包括急性腎絲球腎炎。
  6. (B)「非類固醇消炎藥」最常引起的電解質異常為血鉀過高。
  7. (D) 使用大量利尿劑、有肝硬化及有心臟衰竭的病人,大部分有血管內容積不足的情形,比較容易發生pre-renal azotemia,在使用「非類固醇消炎藥」後,因保護腎臟的prostaglandins減少,使腎臟內的血管發生vasoconstriction,造成腎臟灌流減少,故容易引起急性腎衰竭。而本身已有腎功能不良者,其腎臟灌流本來就有減少情形,因此也是服用「非類固醇消炎藥」引起急性腎衰竭的高危險群。
  8. (D) 因「非類固醇消炎藥」容易引起胃腸副作用,故在使用「非類固醇消炎藥」時應在餐後服用並配合制酸劑等胃藥來預防胃炎及潰瘍。「非類固醇消炎藥」容易引起急性腎衰竭,故 避免與其他含腎毒性的藥物一同使用。同時使用兩種「非類固醇消炎藥」,可能會增加「非類固醇消炎藥」的副作用,故應避免。「非類固醇消炎藥」的副作用雖多,但因其療效快而好,且大部分人在使用後並不會出現不適,故目前仍被廣泛使用;只要了解它的副作用並小心使用,就不需要禁止「非類固醇消炎藥」的使用。
  9. (A) 利尿劑無法增加「非類固醇消炎藥」的腎臟排出率,血液透析也無法清除體內過多的「非類固醇消炎藥」,輸血亦不會減緩缺血性胃腸炎,因此在「非類固醇消炎藥」中毒時,只能給予胃藥及輸液等支持性療法。
  10. (C) 根據文獻報導,Coxibs一樣會引起急性腎衰竭。


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